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They are suitable because of a reduced risk of tumor formation however they are difficult to procure and usually few in number (Jiang et al

Posted on February 16, 2022 by president2010

They are suitable because of a reduced risk of tumor formation however they are difficult to procure and usually few in number (Jiang et al., 2012). models fails to directly correlate with that of humans because a rodent brain is not an exact mimic of a human brain. Despite being highly conserved evolutionarily, mammalian SCA12 genomes are not identical. The embryonic development of mice and humans are considerably different and almost 20% genetic variability is usually accounted for (Strachan et al., 1997). Therefore species’ difference prevents the animal data from successful validation during clinical field trials which poses a severe economic burden. A study reported the failure of therapeutic drugs for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in human beings, which had earlier proved effective in case of rodents (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2013). Preclinical studies often do not efficiently translate to the clinic and the clinical trial failures have been reported time and again (Prinz et al., 2011; Begley and Ellis, 2012). Primary culture of Troglitazone neurons is usually challenging because these are the post mitotic differentiated cells which are difficult to sustain in the conditions. Ethical constraints have held back human based research and thus the best possible source of human samples are the postmortem brain tissues. However, these autopsied samples depict the end stages of the disease and do not give much insight into the intricacies of the disease’ developing stages (Marchetto et al., 2011). Researchers are not willing to subject the human beings to untested interventions, but the choices have been limited so far. Majority of neurodegenerative disorders have been incurable (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) so far but timely diagnosis can help in the management and symptom alleviation. However, researchers across the world are constantly striving to achieve the cure and Troglitazone hope to achieve fruitful results in the near future. Neurodegeneration studies are largely divided into two major categories. One is the experimental modeling strategy which allows for a comprehensive understanding of the disease such as the etiology, pathophysiology, genotypic-phenotypic interactions, symptomatic, and mechanistic insights. The second is the medical approach which deals with the treatment, therapy, and disease management. Stem cells and iPSCs find widespread application for both, disease modeling as well as transplantation and regenerative therapeutics. In the present review we shall discuss the applicability of stem cell research in the field of neurodegenerative Troglitazone disease modeling and provide the current updates of how stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell based studies have been employed to address the diagnosis and therapy of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. We shall briefly touch upon the advances and preferable methodologies employing stem cell and iPSC culture Troglitazone such as the three dimensional (3D) culture which has revolutionized the current trend of studies. The article intends to highlight the fact, that though animal based research is absolutely necessary for the neuroscience research, one cannot wholly and solely depend upon it and human based stem cell driven research has and will open newer avenues for the neurodegenerative disorders modeling and treatment. Stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) in neurodegeneration: why the choice? It is easier to say that cells of human origin can be directly employed to generate a clearer picture of the neurodegenerative diseases but practically the approach is not as simple as it seems. The scenario is usually devoid of an intact organ system, organ-organ interactions are missing and the blood supply and connective tissues are lacking. Every disease has its characteristic cellular, molecular, anatomical, genotypic, and phenotypic attributes. If one has to model these various aspects animal models have so far been used to experimentally model diseases however, the data generated fails to recapitulate the human diseases and thus cannot be directly extrapolated (Yamanaka, 2009). This forms a major limitation of the various animal based studies. Only samples of human origin can be employed to overcome this major hurdle. Neurodegeneration leads to a gradual loss of brain functionality via an irreversible gradual loss of neurons and other cells of the central nervous system (Peng and Zeng, 2011). In this regard transplantation therapy is employed to restore and repair the damaged circuitry of the brain as well as to replenish the lost neuronal population (Thompson and Bj?rklund, 2015). Successful commitment of stem cells toward the neuronal lineage is usually widely reported and myriad of protocols are available to achieve the same (Nikoletopoulou and.

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